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Using TRILL, FabricPath, and VXLAN: Designing Massively Scalable Data Centers (MSDC) with Overlays

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Using TRILL, FabricPath, and VXLAN: Designing Massively Scalable Data Centers (MSDC) with Overlays

By Sanjay Hooda, Shyam Kapadia, Padmanabhan Krishnan
Published Jan 31, 2014 by Cisco Press. Part of the Networking Technology series.

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Description

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Copyright 2014
Dimensions: 7-3/8" x 9-1/8"
Pages: 368
Edition: 1st

eBook
ISBN-10: 0-13-339304-6
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-339304-0

Using TRILL, FabricPath, and VXLAN

Designing Massively Scalable Data Centers with Overlays

TRILL, FabricPath, and VXLAN overlays help you distribute data traffic far more effectively, dramatically improving utilization in even the largest data center networks. Using TRILL, FabricPath, and VXLAN is the first practical and comprehensive guide to planning and establishing these high-efficiency overlay networks. The authors begin by reviewing today’s fast-growing data center requirements, and making a strong case for overlays in the Massive Scale Data Center (MSDC). Next, they introduce each leading technology option, including FabricPath, TRILL, LISP, VXLAN, NVGRE, OTV, and Shortest Path Bridging (SPB). They also present a chapter-length introduction to IS-IS, focusing on details relevant to the control of FabricPath and TRILL networks. Building on this foundation, they offer in-depth coverage of FabricPath: its advantages, architecture, forwarding, configuration, verification, and benefits in Layer-2 networks. Through examples, they explain TRILL’s architecture, functionality, and forwarding behavior, focusing especially on data flow. They also fully address VXLAN as a solution for realizing IP-based data center fabrics, including multi-tenant cloud applications.

Using TRILL, FabricPath, and VXLAN provides detailed strategies and methodologies for FabricPath, TRILL, and VXLAN deployment and migration, as well as best practices for management and troubleshooting. It also presents three detailed implementation scenarios, each reflecting realistic data center challenges. In particular, the authors show how to integrate multiple overlay technologies into a single end-to-end solution that offers exceptional flexibility, agility, and availability.

Sanjay K. Hooda is principal engineer in Catalyst switching software engineering at Cisco. He has more than 15 years of network design and implementation experience in large enterprise environments, and has participated in IETF standards activities. His interests include wireless, multicast, TRILL, FabricPath, High Availability, ISSU, and IPv6. He is co-author of IPv6 for Enterprise Networks.

Shyam Kapadia, Technical Leader at Cisco’s Data Center Group (DCG), was an integral part of the team that delivered the next-generation Catalyst 6500 Sup 2T (2 Terabyte) platform. Since then, he has focused on developing new solutions for data center environments. He holds a Ph.D. in computer science from USC, where his research encompassed wired, wireless, ad hoc, vehicular, and sensor networks.

Padmanabhan Krishnan has more than 12 years of experience in networking and telecommunications, including 7 at Cisco. His recent experience has included providing data path solutions for TRILL in the Catalyst 6500 Sup 2T Platform using FPGA, as well as design and development of platform core infrastructure and L2 features.

n Discover how overlays can address data center network problems ranging from scalability to rapid provisioning

n Examine popular data center overlay examples

n Learn about extensions to IS-IS for TRILL and FabricPath

n Use FabricPath, TRILL, and VXLAN to simplify configuration, improve performance and availability, optimize efficiency, and limit table size

n Learn about FabricPath control and data plane architecture details

n Review example FabricPath configurations on Cisco Nexus 7000/6000/5000 switches

n Understand TRILL concepts and architecture, including overlay header, control and data plane, and MAC address learning

n Learn about VXLAN architecture details and packet forwarding

n Review example VXLAN configurations on a Cisco Nexus 1000V distributed virtual switch

n Implement TRILL/FabricPath networks with VXLAN to virtualized servers in an intra-data center environment

n Connect multiple traditional data centers using an OTV overlay as a Layer 2 extension

n Use OTV overlays to connect sites running FabricPath, TRILL, or both

Chapter 1 Need for Overlays in Massive Scale Data Centers 1

Evolution of the Data Center 1

Changing Requirements of Data Centers 4

Data Center Architectures 6

CLOS 8

Fat-Tree 9

Single Fabric 9

Need for Overlays 10

Summary 15

References 15

Chapter 2 Introduction to Overlay Technologies 19

Overlay Technologies Overview 20

Cisco FabricPath 22

FabricPath Requirements 22

FabricPath Benefits 23

FabricPath Architecture 24

FabricPath Encapsulation 24

FabricPath Data Plane Operation 25

TRILL 26

TRILL Requirements 27

TRILL Frame Format 28

TRILL Data Plane Operation 28

Locator ID/Separator Protocol 30

LISP Frame Format 30

LISP Routing 30

VXLAN 32

VXLAN Frame Format 33

VXLAN Data Path Operation 34

NVGRE 35

NVGRE Frame Format 36

NVGRE Data Path Operation 36

Overlay Transport Virtualization 38

OTV Frame Format 39

OTV Operation 40

Provider Backbone Bridges (PBB) 41

Shortest Path Bridging 43

Shortest Path Bridging MAC 43

Shortest Path Bridging VID 45

Summary 47

References 47

Chapter 3 IS-IS 49

Introduction to IS-IS 49

Concepts 50

Neighbor Discovery 51

Topology Exchange 51

Flooding 51

Route Computation 52

Link State Protocol Scaling 52

Link State Protocol in a Local Area Network 53

IS-IS Architecture Details 55

TRILL and FabricPath Specific Changes in IS-IS 56

Overview of TRILL and FabricPath 57

IS-IS Frame Formats 58

Router Capability TLV 59

Multitopology-Aware Port Capability TLV 59

TRILL IS-IS Neighbor Discovery 59

        TRILL HELLOs 60

        P2P HELLOs 63

        TRILL Neighbor TLV 64

        Router Capability Sub-TLVs 64

        Multitopology-Aware Port Capability Sub-TLVs 64

        Area Address TLV 67

        Protocols Supported TLV 67

TRILL and FabricPath Topology Exchange 67

Flooding 69

Nickname or SwitchID Resolution 70

Shortest Path Computation 71

Distribution Trees Computation 71

Pruning the Distribution Tree 74

ESADI 77

MAC Reachability TLV 78

Fine Grained Labeling 79

Pseudo Node 81

Multi Topology Routing 83

Summary 84

References 84

Additional Resources 84

Chapter 4 FabricPath 85

FabricPath Overview 86

FabricPath Architecture 87

Core and Edge 88

Addressing Concepts 89

VLANs 89

vPC+ 89

FabricPath Encapsulation 91

FabricPath Control Plane Protocols 93

IGMP Snooping in FabricPath Multicast Networks 96

FabricPath Dynamic Resource Allocation Protocol 97

Allocation of Resources by DRAP 97

FabricPath MAC Address Learning 98

Control Plane Learning 98

Data Plane Learning 98

FabricPath STP Interaction 102

Topology Change Notifications Forwarding 105

FabricPath Packet Forwarding 106

Broadcast: ARP Request 108

Unicast: ARP Reply 111

Unicast: Data 113

IP Multicast Forwarding 116

FabricPath Basic Configuration 119

FabricPath Benefits 121

Summary 122

References 122

Chapter 5 TRILL 123

Need for TRILL 124

Spanning Tree in Layer 2 Networks 124

Issues with Spanning Tree Protocol 126

Virtual Switching System 127

Giant Virtual Switch 128

Flat Network 129

Layer 3 Network 130

Concepts and Terminologies 130

RBridge 131

Appointed Forwarder 132

Addressing Concepts 133

TRILL Frame Format 134

TRILL Control Plane 136

Unicast 136

Multicast 137

Pruning 139

TRILL Data Plane 141

Unicast 141

Ingress RBridge Processing 141

Processing of TRILL Packets 143

Multidestination 143

        Ingress Processing 144

        Core and Egress Processing 146

        Egress Processing 146

MAC Address Learning in TRILL-Based Networks 147

Dynamic Learning 147

Learning Through Control Protocols 147

Work in Progress 148

Multitopology Routing 148

Fine-Grained Labeling 149

        Ingress RBridge 152

        Core RBridge 152

        Egress RBridge 152

Pseudo Node 152

        Choosing a Pseudo Nickname 154

        Multiple Distribution Trees per Member RBridge 156

        Synchronization of MAC Addresses 158

Case Studies 159

Bidirectional Packet Flow 159

Traffic from H1 to H2 160

Traffic from H2 to H1 164

Packet Flow for Pseudo Node 167

Packet Originating from Host H1 170

Reverse Traffic from Host H2 to H1 172

Summary 174

References 174

Additional Resources 175

Chapter 6 VXLAN 177

VXLAN Overview 177

Advent of VXLAN 178

VXLAN Architecture 179

VXLAN Header Format 181

VXLAN Packet Forwarding 182

Broadcast: ARP Request 183

Unicast: ARP Reply 184

Unicast: Data 186

Unknown Unicast 187

VM Mobility Case 188

IPv6 Data Forwarding 190

NS Request and NA Response 191

VXLAN Gateway 192

Inter-VXLAN Communication 196

Layer 3 Multicast 198

Multicast-Less VXLAN 200

Floodless VXLAN Forwarding 203

VXLAN as a Network Overlay 205

Other VXLAN Considerations 207

VXLAN Basic Configuration 208

VXLAN Gateway Configuration 210

Summary 211

References 211

Chapter 7 FabricPath Deployment, Migration, and Troubleshooting 213

vPC 214

vPC Overview 214

vPC Terminology 215

vPC Benefits 216

vPC Deployment Scenarios 217

Double-Sided vPC 218

vPC Operations 219

vPC Traffic Flow 224

Cisco Fabric Services over Ethernet 225

vPC ARP Sync 225

vPC Peer Gateway 225

vPC Verification 227

vPC+ 231

vPC+ Overview 231

vPC+ Basics 232

vPC+ Basic Packet Flow 236

Active/Active HSRP Forwarding 238

FabricPath Topologies 241

Migration to FabricPath Network 242

Conversion from Classical Layer 2 to FabricPath Network 242

Conversion of vPC to vPC+ (Classical Ethernet to FabricPath) 244

Configuring vPC+ on Secondary Switch 246

Configuring vPC+ on Primary Switch 249

Conversion of Access Switch (Sw3) Connecting to Secondary (Sw2) to FabricPath 251

Converting Access Switch Sw3 Uplink Connecting to Sw1 to FabricPath 254

Monitoring and Troubleshooting in FabricPath Networks 257

Loopback Message 258

Path Trace Message 259

Multicast Trace Message 259

FabricPath OAM Configuration Model 261

Summary 270

References 270

Chapter 8 TRILL Deployment, Migration, and Troubleshooting 271

Introduction 271

TRILL Deployment 271

TRILL Between Access and Distribution 274

TRILL Core 274

Layer 2 Bridging Case 276

Layer 3 Routing Cases 277

Expanding the POD 285

TRILL Everywhere 286

Meshed Distribution with No Core 287

Link Aggregation or Pseudo-Node Deployments 287

CLOS Network Model 289

Migration Toward TRILL 290

TRILL and Spanning Tree 291

Appointed Forwarder Solution 292

Spanning Tree Solution 293

Bottom-up Migration Toward TRILL 296

Top-down Migration Toward TRILL 298

Monitoring and Troubleshooting in TRILL Networks 299

OAM Packet Format 300

Connectivity Verification 302

Path Tracing 303

TRILL Configuration Model 304

Summary 304

References 305

Chapter 9 Multi-Overlay Deployments 307

Overview 307

Case Study 1: TRILL or FabricPath Network with VXLAN to Virtualized Servers 309

Case Study 2: Data Center Interconnect Using OTV 315

Case Study 3: Interconnecting TRILL or FabricPath Data Centers Using OTV 321

Merging TRILL or FabricPath Networks 321

Independent TRILL or FabricPath Networks 323

Interconnection of TRILL and FabricPath Data Centers 325

Packet Flow 325

Summary 327

References 328

Index 329

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