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IP Routing on Cisco IOS, IOS XE, and IOS XR: An Essential Guide to Understanding and Implementing IP Routing Protocols

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IP Routing on Cisco IOS, IOS XE, and IOS XR: An Essential Guide to Understanding and Implementing IP Routing Protocols

By Brad Edgeworth, Aaron Foss, Ramiro Garza Rios
Published Dec 19, 2014 by Cisco Press.

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Description

Sample Content

Updates

Copyright 2015
Dimensions: 7-3/8" x 9-1/8"
Pages: 1152
Edition: 1st

eBook
ISBN-10: 0-13-384678-4
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-384678-2

An Essential Guide to Understanding and Implementing IP Routing Protocols

Cisco’s authoritative single-source guide to IP routing protocols for enterprise and service provider environments

Service providers and large enterprises are converging on a common IP infrastructure that supports rapid deployment of high-value services. Demand is soaring for highly skilled IP network engineers who can implement and run these infrastructures. Now, one source combines reliable knowledge about contemporary IP routing protocols and expert hands-on guidance for using them with Cisco IOS, IOS XE, and IOS XR operating systems.

After concisely reviewing the basics, three Cisco experts fully explain static routing, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS, and BGP routing protocols. Next, they introduce advanced routing with policies and redistribution, sophisticated BGP-based traffic engineering, and multicast. They present comprehensive coverage of IPv6, from its multicast implementation to its completely revamped address structure. Finally, they discuss advanced high availability techniques, including fast routing convergence.

IP Routing on Cisco IOS, IOS XE, and IOS XR presents each protocol conceptually, with intuitive illustrations, realistic configurations, and appropriate output. To help IOS users master IOS XE and IOS XR, differences in operating systems are explicitly
identified, and side-by-side feature command references are presented.

All content fully aligns with Learning@Cisco, providing efficient self-study for multiple Cisco Career Certifications, including CCNA®/CCNP®/CCIE® Service Provider, CCIE Routing & Switching, Cisco IOS XR Specialist Certification, and the routing components of several additional Cisco Certifications.

Brad Edgeworth, CCIE No. 31574 (R&S & SP) has been with Cisco since 2011 as Systems Engineer and Technical Leader. Formerly a network architect and consultant for various Fortune® 500 companies, his 18 years of IT experience includes extensive architectural and operational work in enterprise and service provider environments. He is a Cisco Live distinguished speaker presenting on IOS XR.

Aaron Foss, CCIE No. 18761 (R&S & SP), a High Touch Engineer with the Cisco Focused Technical Support (FTS) organization, works with large service providers to troubleshoot MPLS, QoS, and IP routing issues. He has more than 15 years of experience designing, deploying, and troubleshooting IP networks.

Ramiro Garza Rios, CCIE No. 15469 (R&S, SP, and Security), Senior Network Consulting Engineer with Cisco Advanced Services, plans, designs, implements, and optimizes next-generation service provider networks. Before joining Cisco in 2005, he was Network Consulting and Presales Engineer for a Cisco Gold Partner in Mexico, where he planned and deployed both enterprise and service provider networks.

Foreword by Norm Dunn, Senior Product Manager, Learning@Cisco Global Product Management, Service Provider Portfolio

Understand how IOS®, IOS XE, and IOS XR operating systems compare
Master IPv4 concepts, addressing structure, and subnetting
Learn how routers and routing protocols work, and how connected networks and static routes behave from the router’s perspective
Work with EIGRP and distance vector routing
Deploy basic and advanced OSPF, including powerful techniques for organizing routing domains, path selection, and optimization
Compare IS-IS with OSPF, and implement advanced IS-IS multilevel routing, optimization, and path selection
Make the most of BGP and route manipulation, including IOS/IOS XE route maps and IOS XR’s highly scalable Route Policy Language
Use advanced policy-based route manipulation and filtering
Implement route redistribution: rules, potential problems, and solutions
Leverage BGP communities, summaries, and other router conservation techniques
Discover how IPv6 changes IP address and command structure
Establish highly efficient multicast routing in IPv4 and IPv6 environments
Systematically improve network availability and operational uptime through event driven detection and fast routing convergence

Contents

Foreword

Introduction

Part I Network Fundamentals

Chapter 1 Introduction to the Operating Systems 1

IOS, IOS XE, and IOS XR Software Architecture 1

IOS 1

        Kernel and OS Scheduling 2

        Memory Management 2

        Software Packaging 2

IOS XE 4

Kernel and OS Scheduling 4

Memory Management 4

IOS XR 5

        Kernel and OS Scheduling 5

        Memory Management 5

    Software Packaging 6

Debugging 8

CLI and Configuration 8

IOS 9

        User Mode 9

        Privileged Mode 10

        Global Configuration Mode 10

        Configuration Archiving 11

        Configuration Replace 13

IOS XR 14

        Viewing Changes in the SysDB 17

        Commit Label 18

        Commit Replace 19

        Failed Commits 20

        Configuration Rollback 21

        Commit Confirmed 22

        Multiple Commit Options 23

        Loading Files for Changes 24

        Hierarchical Configuration 24

        PWD 26

        Root 26

Summary 27

References in This Chapter 27

Chapter 2 IPv4 Addressing 29

IP Fundamentals 29

Understanding Binary 31

Address Classes 34

Subnet Masks and Subnetting 35

Subnet Mask Purpose 36

Calculating Usable IP Addresses 37

Network Prefix Notation 38

Subnetting 38

Subnet Field 39

Subnet Math 41

Subnet Design 46

Classless Interdomain Routing 49

Classful Versus Classless Routing 50

Classful Routing 50

Classless Routing 53

Variable-Length Subnet Masks 55

Summarization 56

Private IP Addressing 58

Special IP Addresses 59

IPv4 Address Configuration 60

Wildcard Subnet Masks 62

Summary 64

References in This Chapter 65

Chapter 3 How a Router Works 67

IP Routing 67

Distance Vector Algorithms 69

Enhanced Distance Vector Algorithm 70

Link-State Algorithms 70

Path Vector Algorithm 71

Routing Table 72

        Prefix Length 73

        Administrative Distance 73

        Metrics 75

Virtual Routing and Forwarding 76

IP Packet Switching 83

Process Switching 84

Cisco Express Forwarding 85

Software CEF 87

Hardware CEF 88

Planes of Operation 89

References in This Chapter 90

Part II Routing Protocols

Chapter 4 Static Routing 91

Connected Networks 91

Secondary Connected Networks 94

Static Routing Fundamentals 94

Point-to-Point Interfaces 96

Broadcast Interfaces 98

Default Route 99

Floating Static Routing 103

Recursive Lookup 105

Multihop Routing 108

Single Recursive Lookup 108

Multiple Recursive Lookups 109

Problems with Static Route Recursion 112

Null Interface 116

Static VRF Routes 121

References in This Chapter 124

Chapter 5 EIGRP 125

EIGRP Fundamentals 125

EIGRP Neighbors 126

Inter-Router Communication 126

Forming EIGRP Neighbors 128

Classic EIGRP Autonomous System Configuration 131

IOS network Statement 132

IOS XR 134

Passive Interfaces 134

Sample Topology and Configuration 134

Confirmation of Interfaces 136

Verification of EIGRP Neighbor Adjacencies 139

Display of Installed EIGRP Routes 140

Router ID 141

EIGRP Terminology 142

Topology Table 143

Path Metric Calculation 145

Custom K Values 148

Interface Delay Settings 149

Load Balancing 151

EIGRP Wide Metrics 153

Failure Detection and Timers 155

Convergence 156

Stuck in Active 159

Stub 160

Design Considerations with EIGRP Stubs 164

Summarization 166

Interface-Specific Summarization 166

Summarization Metrics 171

Advertising a Default Route 172

Automatic Summarization 172

Authentication 174

Enabling Authentication on the interface 174

Key Chain Configuration 174

WAN Considerations 177

IP Bandwidth Percent 177

Split Horizon 179

Next-Hop Self 182

EIGRP Named Configuration 184

Address Family Instance Configuration 185

Address Family Interface Configuration 186

Address Family Topology Configuration 188

Summary 189

References in This Chapter 189

Chapter 6 OSPF 191

OSPF Fundamentals 191

Inter-Router Communication 193

OSPF Hello Packets 194

Router ID 195

Neighbors 196

Forming OSPF Neighbor Adjacencies 197

Basic OSPF Configuration 202

        IOS network Statement 202

        IOS Interface Specific 204

        IOS XR 205

Passive Interfaces 205

Sample Topology and Configuration 206

Confirmation of Interfaces 208

Verification of OSPF Neighbor Adjacencies 209

Verification of OSPF Routes 211

Designated Router and Backup Designated Router 212

Designated Router Elections 214

DR and BDR Placement 216

Failure Detection 219

Hello Timer 219

Dead Interval Timer 219

Verifying OSPF Timers 220

OSPF Fast Packet Hellos 220

OSPF Network Types 221

Broadcast 221

Non-Broadcast 222

Point-to-Point Networks 224

Point-to-Multipoint Networks 225

Loopback Networks 229

Review of OSPF Network Types 231

OSPF Adjacency with Different OSPF Network Types 231

Link Costs 235

Authentication 236

IOS Support for OSPF Authentication 236

IOS XR Support for OSPF Authentication 236

Summary 239

References in This Chapter 240

Chapter 7 Advanced OSPF 241

Areas 241

Area ID 245

OSPF Route Types 246

External OSPF Routes 247

Link-State Announcements 249

LSA Age and Flooding 251

LSA Types 251

        LSA Type 1: Router Link 252

        LSA Type 2: Network Link 257

        LSA Type 3: Summary Link 259

        LSA Type 5: External Routes 263

        LSA Type 4: ASBR Summary 265

        LSA Type 7: NSSA External Summary 268

        LSA Type Summary 270

OSPF Path Selection 270

Intra-Area Routes 271

Interarea Routes 272

External Route Selection 272

E1 and N1 External Routes 273

E2 and N2 External Routes 273

Equal Cost Multi-Path 274

Summarization of Routes 274

Interarea Summarization 276

External Summarization 280

Default Route 283

OSPF Stubby Areas 286

Stub Areas 286

Totally Stubby Areas 289

Not-So-Stubby Areas 292

Totally NSSA Areas 295

Virtual Links 298

Discontiguous Network 301

Multi-Area Adjacency 304

Prefix Suppression 308

Summary 313

References in This Chapter 314

Chapter 8 IS-IS 315

IS-IS Fundamentals 315

Areas 318

OSI Addressing 319

        Inter-Domain Part 320

        Domain Specific Part 321

        NET Addressing 322

Inter-Router Communication 323

IS Protocol Header 325

TLVs 326

IS PDU Addressing 326

Hello Packets 327

Link-State Packets 329

        LSP Lifetime 329

        LSP ID 330

        LSP Sequence 331

        Attribute Fields 331

        LSP Packet and TLVs 332

IS-IS Neighbor 333

Ethernet 333

Point-to-Point 338

Basic IS-IS Configuration 340

IOS 340

IOS XR 340

Sample Topology and Configuration 341

Confirmation of IS-IS Interfaces 343

Verification of IS-IS Neighbor Adjacencies 346

Verification of IS-IS Routes 347

Designated Intermediate System 348

DIS Elections 351

DIS Placement 352

Point-to-Point Adjacency on Broadcast Media 353

Link State Packet Database 355

Viewing the LSPDB 356

Non-Pseudonode LSPs 357

Pseudonode LSPs 358

Building the Topology 359

Viewing the Topology 360

SPF Calculations 361

Passive Interfaces 362

Removal of Hello Padding 364

Failure Detection 366

Hello Timer 366

Hello Multiplier and Holding Timer 367

Authentication 367

IS-IS Hello Authentication 367

IS-IS LSP Authentication 368

Summary 371

References in This Chapter 372

Chapter 9 Advanced IS-IS 373

Advanced IS-IS Routing 373

Route Leaking 377

Backbone Continuity 380

Loop Prevention 382

Router-Specific IS-IS Levels 384

Interface Specific IS-IS Levels 385

Path Selection 386

Equal Cost Multi-Path 387

Interface Metrics 387

Overload Bit 394

Summarization 396

Default Routes 400

Prefix Suppression 401

Summary 405

References in This Chapter 406

Chapter 10 Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) 407

BGP Fundamentals 408

Autonomous System Numbers 408

Path Attributes 409

Loop Prevention 409

Address Families 410

Inter-Router Communication 410

Open Messages 412

Hold Time 412

BGP Identifier 413

Keepalive Messages 413

Update Messages 413

Notification Messages 414

BGP Sessions 415

BGP Neighbor States 415

Idle State 415

Connect State 415

Active State 416

OpenSent State 416

OpenConfirm State 417

Established State 417

Basic BGP Configuration 418

IOS 419

IOS XR 420

Verification of BGP Sessions 421

Prefix Advertisement 425

Receiving and Viewing Routes 427

iBGP 431

iBGP Full-Mesh Requirement 432

Peering via Loopback Addresses 433

eBGP 438

eBGP and iBGP Topologies 442

Next-Hop Manipulation 444

iBGP Scalability 446

Route Reflectors 446

Loop Prevention in Route Reflectors 451

Out-of-Band Route Reflectors 453

Confederations 453

Failure Detection 459

Security 459

eBGP Multihop 459

TTL Security 461

Summary 463

References in This Chapter 465

Part III Advanced Routing Techniques

Chapter 11 Route Maps and Route Policy 467

Access Control Lists 467

Standard ACLs 468

Extended ACLs 469

IGP Network Selection 469

BGP Network Selection 470

Prefix Matching 471

Prefix Lists 473

Prefix Sets 474

Regular Expressions 475

_ (Underscore) 477

^ (Caret) 478

$ (Dollar Sign) 478

[ ] (Brackets) 479

- (Hyphen) 479

[^] (Caret in Brackets) 480

( ) (Parentheses and | Pipe) 480

. (Period) 481

+ (Plus Sign) 481

? (Question Mark) 481

* (Asterisk) 482

Looking Glass and Route Servers 483

AS_Path Access List 484

IOS XR AS_Path Selection Options 484

is-local 485

length 485

unique-length 486

passes-through 486

neighbor-is 487

originates-from 487

AS Path Set 488

Route Maps 488

Conditional Matching 490

Multiple Conditional Match Conditions 491

Complex Matching 491

Optional Actions 492

Continue 493

Route Map Examples 494

Routing Policy Language 496

Route Policy Structure 496

Match Statements 497

Attribute Modification 498

Common Route Policy Structure 499

Boolean Operators 504

        Negation 504

        Conjunction 504

        Disjunction 505

        Order of Processing 505

Comparing Prefix Sets to Prefix Lists 506

Parameterization 507

Route Policy Nesting 510

Original Value 511

Editors 512

RPL Examples 513

RPL Verification 515

Redistribution RPL Verification 516

BGP RPL Verification 517

References in This Chapter 519

Chapter 12 Advanced Route Manipulation 521

Conditional Routing of Packets 521

Policy-Based Routing Configuration 522

Access-List-Based Forwarding Configuration 523

Local PBR 525

Administrative Distance 526

Modifying EIGRP AD 528

Modifying OSPF AD 529

Modifying IS-IS AD 531

Modifying BGP AD 532

Route Filtering and Manipulation 534

EIGRP Filtering by Prefix 534

EIGRP Filtering by Hop Count 538

EIGRP Offset Lists 538

OSPF Filtering (Local) 541

OSPF Filtering (Area) 543

IS-IS Filtering (Local) 546

BGP Filtering 546

Clearing BGP Connections 549

Summary 550

References in This Chapter 550

Chapter 13 Route Redistribution 551

Redistribution Basics 553

Redistribution Is Not Transitive 553

Sequential Protocol Redistribution 555

Routes Must Exist in the RIB 555

Metrics 558

Protocol-Specific Configuration 558

Source-Specific Behaviors 560

        Connected Networks 561

        IS-IS 561

       BGP 562

Destination-Specific Behaviors 563

    EIGRP 563

    OSPF 568

    IS-IS 576

    BGP 580

Challenges with Redistribution 582

Route Feedback 583

Suboptimal Routing 584

Invalid Routing Tables 589

Routing Loops 590

Methods to Avoid Routing Loops 593

        Prefix Filtering 593

        Tagging 595

        Increase Seed Metrics 598

        Administrative Distance 601

        Summarization on Redistributing Router 603

Solutions to Redistribution Challenges 606

Summary 606

References in This Chapter 607

Part IV Advanced BGP

Chapter 14 Advanced BGP 609

BGP Communities 609

Enabling BGP Community Support 610

Well-Known Communities 611

        Internet 611

        No_Export 611
        No_Advertise 614

        No_Export_SubConfed 617

Conditionally Matching BGP Communities 620

        Community Set 621

        Inline 622

        Setting Private BGP Communities 625

Route Summarization 628

Aggregate Address 629

Flexible Route Suppression 632

Selective Prefix Suppression 632

Leaking Suppressed Routes 634

Atomic Aggregate 637

Route Aggregation with AS_SET 639

Route Aggregation with Selective Advertisement of AS_Set 641

Default Route Advertisement 643

Default Route Advertisement Per Neighbor 644

Conditional Route Advertisement 645

Outbound Route Filtering 647

Backdoor Networks 649

Maximum Autonomous System 652

Maximum Prefix 654

Remove Private Autonomous System 656

Allow Autonomous System 658

Local Autonomous System 660

Configuration Scalability 664

IOS Peer Groups 664

IOS Peer Templates 665

IOS XR Configuration Templates 667

Summary 668

References in This Chapter 669

Chapter 15 BGP Best Path Selection 671

BGP Best Path Overview 672

Weight 673

Local Preference 679

Locally Originated via Network or Aggregate Advertisement 684

Accumulated Interior Gateway Protocol 686

Shortest AS_Path 694

Origin Type 700

Multi-Exit Discriminator 704

        Missing MED behavior 709

        Always Compare Med 711

        BGP Deterministic MED 713

eBGP over iBGP 714

Lowest IGP Metric 718

Prefer the Oldest EBGP Path 720

Router ID 720

Minimum Cluster List Length 721

Lowest Neighbor Address 722

BGP ECMP 723

eBGP and iBGP Multipath 723

eiBGP Multipath 726

        R1 729

        R2 730

        XR3 730

        XR4 730

        XR5 731

AS_Path Relax 731

Suboptimal Routing with Route Reflectors 733

Additional Route Reflector 734

Shadow Route Reflector 735

Shadow Session Route Reflector 738

BGP Add-Path 739

Summary 742

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