IP Networking

• Copyright 2012
• Dimensions: 7-3/8" x 9-1/8"
• Edition: 1st

• Book
• ISBN-10: 1-58714-300-3
• ISBN-13: 978-1-58714-300-7

IP Networking

Wendell Odom, CCIE® No. 1624

This text provides a detailed and practical overview of TCP/IP networking. In this book, expert instructor and best-selling author Wendell Odom explores network design and implementation by applying TCP/IP protocols to provide connectivity and associated services. Planning and deployment of network addressing structures, as well as router and switch configurations, are also examined.

IP Networking centers on the IP packet forwarding process and how to make Cisco routers perform IP routing. The book begins with two units that review and expand your knowledge of prerequisite topics, including all layers of the TCP/IP model, with emphasis on LANs, WANs, IP, and TCP. Units 3 through 8 take you to a much deeper and practical knowledge of IP addressing and routing: two topics that truly need to be understood together. These same lessons examine how to implement various IP features in Cisco routers, building skills that matter in the real world. Finally, the last two units focus on LAN and WAN technologies and their roles in how routers and hosts use LANs and WANs to forward IP packets.

IP Networking takes you from a broad and basic knowledge of IP addressing and routing to a solid skill level with how hosts, switches, and routers collectively deliver IP packets in modern corporate networks, helping prepare you for a variety of entry-level network administration and support positions, such as network administrator, network technician, network specialist, information technology specialist, and local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN) administrator. After reading this book, you will have gained the skills required to set up and maintain network transport services with appropriate address schema and desired protocols. You will master the basic skills needed to handle the hardware and IOS features of Cisco routers and switches and perform network administration tasks using such components.

Coverage includes:

• The TCP/IP and OSI networking models
• LAN and WAN fundamentals
• Fundamentals of IP addressing and routing
• Fundamentals of TCP/IP transport, applications, and security
• IP subnetting
• VLSM and route summarization
• Cisco router operation and configuration
• IP routing: static and connected routes
• RIPv2, EIGRP, and OSPF concepts and configuration
• IP version 6
• Ethernet LANs and virtual LANs
• Point-to-point WANs and Frame Relay
• Network troubleshooting

pearsonITcertification.com

www.certskills.com

Table of Contents

Introduction xxx

Unit 1: The TCP/IP Model, LANs, WANs, and IP Networks

Chapter 1 The TCP/IP and OSI Networking Models 3

TCP/IP Networking Model 3

    The History Leading to TCP/IP 4

    Overview of the TCP/IP Networking Model 5

    The TCP/IP Application Layer 7

        HTTP Overview 7

        HTTP Protocol Mechanisms 7

    The TCP/IP Transport Layer 8

        TCP Error Recovery Basics 9

        Same Layer and Adjacent Layer Interactions 10

    The TCP/IP Internet Layer 10

        Internet Protocol (IP) and the Postal Service 11

        Internet Protocol (IP) Addressing Basics 12

        IP Routing Basics 13

    The TCP/IP Network Access Layer 14

    TCP/IP Model and Terminology 16

        Comparing the Two TCP/IP Models 16

        Data Encapsulation Terminology 16

        Names of TCP/IP Messages 17

OSI Networking Model 18

    Comparing OSI and TCP/IP 18

    Describing Protocols by Referencing the OSI Layers 19

    OSI Layers and Their Functions 20

    OSI Layering Concepts and Benefits 21

    OSI Encapsulation Terminology 22

Chapter Review 24

Review Key Topics 24

Define Key Terms 24

Answer Review Questions 25

Chapter 2 LAN Fundamentals 29

An Overview of Modern Ethernet LANs 29

A Brief History of Ethernet 32

    The Original Ethernet Standards: 10BASE2 and 10BASE5 32

    Repeaters 33

    Building 10BASE-T Networks with Hubs 34

Ethernet UTP Cabling 35

    UTP Cables and RJ-45 Connectors 36

    Transmitting Data Using Twisted Pairs 38

    UTP Cabling Pinouts for 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX 38

    1000BASE-T Cabling 41

Improving Performance by Using Switches Instead of Hubs 41

    Increasing Available Bandwidth Using Switches 43

    Doubling Performance by Using Full-Duplex Ethernet 45

    Ethernet Layer 1 Summary 46

Ethernet Data-Link Protocols 46

    Ethernet Addressing 46

    Ethernet Framing 48

    Identifying the Data Inside an Ethernet Frame 50

    Error Detection 51

Chapter Review 52

Review Key Topics 52

Define Key Terms 52

Answer Review Questions 53

Chapter 3 WAN Fundamentals 57

OSI Layer 1 for Point-to-Point WANs 57

    WAN Connections from the Customer Viewpoint 59

    WAN Cabling Standards 61

    Clock Rates, Synchronization, DCE, and DTE 62

    Building a WAN Link in a Lab 63

    Link Speeds Offered by Telcos 64

OSI Layer 2 for Point-to-Point WANs 65

    HDLC 65

    Point-to-Point Protocol 66

    Point-to-Point WAN Summary 67

Frame Relay and Packet-Switching Services 68

    The Scaling Benefits of Packet Switching 68

    Frame Relay Basics 69

Chapter Review 73

Review Key Topics 73

Define Key Terms 73

Answer Review Questions 73

Chapter 4 Class A, B, and C Networks 77

Classful Network Concepts 77

    IPv4 Network Classes and Related Facts 77

        Actual Class A, B, and C Networks 78

        Address Formats 79

        Default Masks 80

    Number of Hosts per Network 81

    Deriving the Network ID and Related Numbers 81

    Unusual Network IDs and Network Broadcast Addresses 83

Practice with Classful Networks 84

    Practice Deriving Key Facts Based on an IP Address 84

    Practice Remembering the Details of Address Classes 85

    Additional Practice 86

Chapter Review 87

Review Key Topics 87

Define Key Terms 87

Practice 87

Review Answers to Earlier Practice Problems 87

    Answers to Practice Problem 7 88

    Answers to Practice Problem 8 89

    Answers to Practice Problem 9 89

Answer Review Questions 89

Unit 2: TCP/IP Network, Transport, and Application Layers

Chapter 5 Fundamentals of IP Addressing and Routing 93

Overview of Network Layer Functions 94

    Routing (Forwarding) 94

        PC1’s Logic: Sending Data to a Nearby Router 94

        R1’s and R2’s Logic: Routing Data Across the Network 95

        R3’s Logic: Delivering Data to the End Destination 96

    Network Layer Interaction with the Data Link Layer 96

    IP Packets and the IP Header 96

    Network Layer (Layer 3) Addressing 98

    Routing Protocols 99

IP Addressing 100

    IP Addressing Definitions 100

    How IP Addresses Are Grouped 101

    Classes of Networks 102

        The Actual Class A, B, and C Network Numbers 104

        IP Subnetting 105

IP Routing 108

    Host Routing 108

    Router Forwarding Decisions and the IP Routing Table 110

IP Routing Protocols 112

Network Layer Utilities 114

    Address Resolution Protocol and the Domain Name System 115

        DNS Name Resolution 115

        The ARP Process 116

    Address Assignment and DHCP 117

    ICMP Echo and the ping Command 119

Chapter Review 120

Review Key Topics 120

Define Key Terms 121

Answer Review Questions 121

Chapter 6 Fundamentals of TCP/IP Transport, Applications, and Security 127

TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP and UDP 127

    Transmission Control Protocol 128

        Multiplexing Using TCP Port Numbers 128

        Popular TCP/IP Applications and Application Layer Protocols 132

        Error Recovery (Reliability) 133

        Flow Control Using Windowing 134

        Connection Establishment and Termination 135

        Data Segmentation and Ordered Data Transfer 137

    User Datagram Protocol 138

TCP/IP Applications 139

    QoS Needs and the Impact of TCP/IP Applications 139

    The World Wide Web, HTTP, and SSL 141

        Universal Resource Locators 142

        Finding the Web Server Using DNS 142

        Transferring Files with HTTP 144

Network Security 144

    Perspectives on the Sources and Types of Threats 145

    Firewalls and the Cisco Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) 149

    Anti-x 151

    Intrusion Detection and Prevention 151

    Virtual Private Networks (VPN) 152

Chapter Review 154

Review Key Topics 154

Define Key Terms 154

Answer Review Questions 155

Chapter 7 Operating Cisco Routers 159

Installing Cisco Routers 159

    Installing Enterprise Routers 160

        Cisco Integrated Services Routers 161

        Physical Installation 162

    Installing Internet Access Routers 163

        A SOHO Installation with a Separate Switch, Router, and Cable Modem 163

        A SOHO Installation with an Integrated Switch, Router, and DSL Modem 164

    Regarding the SOHO Devices Used in This Book 165

Accessing and Using the Cisco Router CLI 165

    Accessing the CLI 165

        CLI Access from the Console 166

        Accessing the CLI with Telnet and SSH 168

        Password Security for CLI Access 169

    User and Enable (Privileged) Modes 170

    CLI Help Features 171

    The debug and show Commands 173

Configuring Cisco IOS Software 174

    Configuration Submodes and Contexts 174

    Storing Router Configuration Files 176

    Copying and Erasing Configuration Files 179

Chapter Review 181

Review Key Topics 181

Define Key Terms 181

Review Command References 181

Answer Review Questions 183

Unit 3: IP Subnetting and Basic Router Configuration

Chapter 8 IP Subnetting 187

Analyze Needs 188

    Rules About Which Hosts Are in Which Subnet 188

    Determining the Number of Subnets 189

    Determining the Number of Hosts per Subnet 190

    One Size Subnet Fits All–or Not 191

        Defining the Size of a Subnet 191

        One Size Subnet Fits All 192

        Multiple Subnet Sizes (Variable-Length Subnet Masks) 193

        This Book: One Size Subnet Fits All 194

Make Design Choices 194

    Choose a Classful Network 194

        Public IP Networks 195

        Growth Exhausts the Public IP Address Space 196

        Private IP Networks 197

        Choosing an IP Network During the Design Phase 197

    Choose the Mask 198

        IP Networks Before Subnetting 198

        Borrowing Host Bits to Create Subnet Bits 199

        Choosing Enough Subnet and Host Bits 200

        Example Design: 172.16.0.0, 200 Subnets, and 200 Hosts 201

        Masks and Mask Formats 202

    Build a List of All Subnets 203

Plan the Implementation 204

Chapter Review 205

Review Key Topics 205

Define Key Terms 205

Answer Review Questions 205

Chapter 9 Subnet Mask Conversion 209

Subnet Mask Conversion 209

    The Three Mask Formats 209

    Converting Between Binary and Prefix Masks 210

    Converting Between Binary and DDN Masks 211

    Converting Between Prefix and DDN Masks 213

Practice Converting Subnet Masks 214

    Practice Problems for This Chapter 214

    Additional Practice 215

Chapter Review 216

Review Key Topics 216

Define Key Terms 216

Practice 216

Review Answers to Earlier Practice Problems 216

Answer Review Questions 217

Chapter 10 Analyzing Existing Subnet Masks 221

Defining the Format of IPv4 Addresses 221

    Masks Divide the Subnet’s Addresses into Two Parts 222

    Masks and Class Divide Addresses into Three Parts 222

    Classless and Classful Addressing 223

    Calculations Based on the IPv4 Address Format 224

Practice Analyzing Subnet Masks 226

    Practice Problems for This Chapter 226

    Additional Practice 227

Chapter Review 228

Review Key Topics 228

Define Key Terms 228

Practice 228

Review Answers to Earlier Practice Problems 228

Answer Review Questions 230

Chapter 11 Cisco Router Configuration 233

Configuration Features in Common with Switches 233

    Securing the Router CLI 233

        Configuring Simple Password Security 234

        Configuring Usernames and Secure Shell (SSH) 237

        Password Encryption 240

        The Two Enable Mode Passwords 241

    Console and vty Settings 242

        Banners 243

        History Buffer Commands 244

        The logging synchronous and exec-timeout Commands 244

Configuring Features Specific to Cisco Routers 245

    Router Interfaces 245

        Interface Status Codes 247

        Router Interface IP Addresses 248

        Bandwidth and Clock Rate on Serial Interfaces 249

    Router Auxiliary (Aux) Port 251

    Initial Configuration (Setup Mode) 251

Upgrading Cisco IOS Software and the Cisco IOS Software Boot Process 254

    Upgrading a Cisco IOS Software Image into Flash Memory 255

    The Cisco IOS Software Boot Sequence 257

        The Three Router Operating Systems 259

        The Configuration Register 259

        How a Router Chooses Which OS to Load 260

        The show version Command and Seeing the Configuration Register’s Value 262

Chapter Review 264

Review Key Topics 264

Define Key Terms 264

Review Command References to Check Your Memory 265

Answer Review Questions 268

Unit 4: IP Routing with Connected, Static, and RIP-2 Routes

Chapter 12 IP Routing: Static and Connected Routes 273

IP Routing and Addressing 273

    IP Routing 274

    The Impact of Addressing and Subnetting on Routing 277

    IP Forwarding by Matching the Most Specific Route 279

Routes to Directly Connected Subnets 280

    Connected Routes 281

    Secondary IP Addressing 284

    Supporting Connected Routes to Subnet Zero 286

    ISL and 802.1Q Configuration on Routers 287

Static Routes 289

    Configuring Static Routes 291

    The Extended ping Command 292

    Static Default Routes 294

        Default Routes Using the ip route Command 295

        Default Routes Using the ip default-network Command 296

    Default Route Summary 297

    Classful and Classless Routing 298

        Summary of the Use of the Terms Classless and Classful 298

    Classless and Classful Routing Compared 299

Chapter Review 302

Review Key Topics 302

Define Key Terms 302

Review Command Reference to Check Your Memory 302

Answer Review Questions 304

Chapter 13 Analyzing Existing Subnets 307

Defining a Subnet 307

    An Example with Network 172.16.0.0 and Four Subnets 308

    Subnet ID Concepts 309

    The Subnet Broadcast Address 310

    The Range of Usable Addresses 311

Analyzing Existing Subnets: Binary 311

    Finding the Subnet ID–Binary 312

    Finding the Subnet Broadcast–Binary 314

    Binary Practice Problems 314

    A Shortcut for the Binary Process 316

    Brief Note About Boolean Math 317

    Finding the Range of Addresses 318

Analyzing Existing Subnets: Decimal 318

    Analysis with Easy Masks 318

    Predictability in the Interesting Octet 319

    Finding the Subnet ID: Difficult Masks 321

        Resident Subnet Example 1 321

        Resident Subnet Example 2 322

        Resident Subnet Practice Problems 323

    Finding the Subnet Broadcast Address: Difficult Masks 323

        Subnet Broadcast Example 1 324

        Subnet Broadcast Example 2 324

        Subnet Broadcast Address Practice Problems 325

Practice Analyzing Existing Subnets 325

    A Choice: To Memorize or to Calculate 325

    Practice Problems for This Chapter 326

    Additional Practice 326

Chapter Review 327

Review Key Topics 327

Define Key Terms 327

Practice 327

Answers to Earlier Practice Problems 327

Answer Review Questions 330

Chapter 14 Routing Protocol Concepts and RIP-2 Configuration 333

Routing Protocol Overview 333

    RIP-2 Basic Concepts 334

    Comparing and Contrasting IP Routing Protocols 335

        Interior and Exterior Routing Protocols 335

        Routing Protocol Types/Algorithms 337

        Metrics 337

        Autosummarization and Manual Summarization 338

        Classless and Classful Routing Protocols 338

        Convergence 339

        Miscellaneous Comparison Points 339

    Summary of Interior Routing Protocols 339

Configuring and Verifying RIP-2 340

    RIP-2 Configuration 340

        Sample RIP Configuration 341

    RIP-2 Verification 342

        Interpreting the Output of the show ip route Command 345

        Administrative Distance 345

        The show ip protocols Command 347

        Examining RIP Messages with debug 348

Chapter Review 351

Review Key Topics 351

Define Key Terms 351

Review Command Reference to Check Your Memory 351

Answer Review Questions 353

Unit 5: IP Troubleshooting and EIGRP

Chapter 15 Troubleshooting IP Routing 357

IP Troubleshooting Tips and Tools 357

    IP Addressing 358

        Avoiding Reserved IP Addresses 358

        One Subnet, One Mask, for Each LAN 359

        Summary of IP Addressing Tips 360

    Host Networking Commands 360

    Troubleshooting Host Routing Problems 363

    Finding the Matching Route on a Router 365

    Troubleshooting Commands 367

        The show ip arp Command 367

        The traceroute Command 367

        Telnet and Suspend 369

A Routing Troubleshooting Scenario 372

    Scenario Part A: Tasks and Questions 372

    Scenario Part A: Answers 375

    Scenario Part B: Analyze Packet/Frame Flow 377

    Scenario Part B: Answers 377

        Scenario Part B: Question 1 378

        Scenario Part B: Question 2 379

        Scenario Part B: Question 3 380

        Scenario Part B: Question 4 381

        Scenario Part B: Question 5 382

        Scenario Part B: Question 6 382

        Scenario Part B: Question 7 383

    Scenario Part C: Analyze Connected Routes 383

    Scenario Part C: Answers 384

Chapter Review 386

Review Key Topics 386

Review Command Reference to Check Your Memory 387

Answer Review Questions 388

Chapter 16 EIGRP Concepts and Configuration 393

EIGRP Concepts and Operation 393

    EIGRP Neighbors 394

    Exchanging EIGRP Topology Information 394

    Calculating the Best Routes for the Routing Table 395

        Feasible Distance and Reported Distance 397

        Caveats with Bandwidth on Serial Links 397

    EIGRP Convergence 398

        EIGRP Successors and Feasible Successors 398

        The Query and Reply Process 400

    EIGRP Summary and Comparisons with OSPF 400

EIGRP Configuration and Verification 401

    Basic EIGRP Configuration 402

    EIGRP Metrics, Successors, and Feasible Successors 404

        Creating and Viewing a Feasible Successor Route 406

        Convergence Using the Feasible Successor Route 407

    EIGRP Authentication 408

    EIGRP Maximum Paths and Variance 411

    Tuning the EIGRP Metric Calculation 412

Chapter Review 414

Review Key Topics 414

Define Key Terms 414

Review Command Reference to Check Your Memory 414

Answer Review Questions 417

Unit 6: Subnet Design

Chapter 17 Subnet Mask Design 421

Choosing the Mask(s) to Meet Requirements 421

    Review: Choosing the Minimum Number of Subnet and Host Bits 422

    No Masks Meet Requirements 423

    One Mask Meets Requirements 424

    Multiple Masks Meet Requirements 425

        Finding All the Masks: Concepts 425

        Finding All the Masks: Math 426

        Choosing the Best Mask 427

    The Formal Process 427

Practice Choosing Subnet Masks 428

    Practice Problems for This Chapter 429

    Additional Practice 429

Chapter Review 430

Review Key Topics 430

Define Key Terms 430

Practice 430

Review Answers to Earlier Practice Problems 430

Answer Review Questions 431

Chapter 18 Finding All Subnet IDs 435

Finding All Subnet IDs 435

    The First Subnet ID: The Zero Subnet 435

    Finding the Pattern Using the Magic Number 436

    A Formal Process, with Less Than 8 Subnet Bits 437

        Example 1: Network 172.16.0.0, Mask 255.255.240.0 438

        Example 2: Network 192.168.1.0, Mask 255.255.255.224 439

    Finding All Subnets with Exactly 8 Subnet Bits 440

    Finding All Subnets with More Than 8 Subnet Bits 441

        Process with 9—16 Subnet Bits 442

        Process with 17 or More Subnet Bits 443

Practice Finding All Subnet IDs 444

    Practice Problems for This Chapter 445

    Additional Practice 445

Chapter Review 446

Review Key Topics 446

Define Key Terms 446

Review Answers to Earlier Practice Problems 446

Answer, Practice Problem 1 446

Answer, Practice Problem 2 447

Answer, Practice Problem 3 448

Answer Review Questions 449

Unit 7: Advanced IP Routing Topics and OSPF

Chapter 19 VLSM and Route Summarization 453

VLSM 453

    Classless and Classful Routing Protocols 454

    Overlapping VLSM Subnets 455

    Designing a Subnetting Scheme Using VLSM 456

    Adding a New Subnet to an Existing Design 459

    VLSM Configuration 460

Manual Route Summarization 461

    Route Summarization Concepts 461

    Route Summarization Strategies 465

    Sample “Best” Summary on Seville 466

    Sample “Best” Summary on Yosemite 466

Autosummarization and Discontiguous Classful Networks 467

    An Example of Autosummarization 468

    Discontiguous Classful Networks 469

    Autosummarization Support and Configuration 471

Chapter Review 473

Review Key Topics 473

Define Key Terms 473

Review Command Reference to Check Your Memory 473

Answer Review Questions 474

Chapter 20 Troubleshooting IP Routing II 477

The ping and traceroute Commands 477

    Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 477

        The ping Command and the ICMP Echo Request and Echo Reply 478

        The Destination Unreachable ICMP Message 478

        The Redirect ICMP Message 481

        The ICMP Time Exceeded Message 481

    The traceroute Command 482

Troubleshooting the Packet Forwarding Process 485

    Isolating IP Routing Problems Related to Hosts 485

    Isolating IP Routing Problems Related to Routers 486

        Troubleshooting Scenario 1: Forward Route Problem 488

        Troubleshooting Scenario 2: Reverse Route Problem 491

        An Alternative Problem Isolation Process for Steps 3, 4, and 5 493

Troubleshooting Tools and Tips 494

    Host Routing Tools and Perspectives 494

    show ip route Reference 495

    Interface Status 496

    VLSM Issues 496

        Recognizing When VLSM Is Used 497

        Configuring Overlapping VLSM Subnets 497

        Symptoms with Overlapping Subnets 499

        VLSM Troubleshooting Summary 500

    Discontiguous Networks and Autosummary 501

Chapter Review 502

Review Key Topics 502

Define Key Terms 502

Chapter 21 OSPF Concepts and Configuration 505

Link-State Routing Protocol Features 505

    Building the Same LSDB on Every Router 505

    Applying Dijkstra SPF Math to Find the Best Routes 507

    Convergence with Link-State Protocols 509

    Summary and Comparisons to Distance Vector Protocols 509

OSPF Protocols and Operation 510

    OSPF Neighbors 511

    Identifying OSPF Routers with a Router ID 511

    Meeting Neighbors by Saying Hello 511

    Potential Problems in Becoming a Neighbor 512

    Neighbor States 513

    OSPF Topology Database Exchange 514

    Overview of the OSPF Database Exchange Process 515

    Choosing a Designated Router 515

    Database Exchange 517

    Maintaining the LSDB While Being Fully Adjacent 517

    Summary of Neighbor States 518

    Building the IP Routing Table 518

    Scaling OSPF Through Hierarchical Design 519

    OSPF Areas 520

    OSPF Area Design Advantages 522

OSPF Configuration 523

    OSPF Single-Area Configuration 523

    OSPF Configuration with Multiple Areas 525

    Configuring the OSPF Router ID 527

    OSPF Hello and Dead Timers 528

    OSPF Metrics (Cost) 530

    OSPF Authentication 531

    OSPF Load Balancing 533

Chapter Review 534

Review Key Topics 534

Define Key Terms 534

Review Command Reference to Check Your Memory 535

Answer Review Questions 537

Unit 8: Advanced IP Topics

Chapter 22 Troubleshooting EIGRP and OSPF 541

Perspectives on Troubleshooting Routing Protocol Problems 541

Interfaces Enabled with a Routing Protocol 542

    EIGRP Interface Troubleshooting Example 543

    OSPF Interface Troubleshooting Example 548

Neighbor Relationships 550

    EIGRP Neighbor Requirements 551

    OSPF Neighbor Requirements 553

        OSPF Neighbor Example 1 555

        OSPF Neighbor Example 2 556

        The MTU Matching Requirement 558

Chapter Review 559

Review Key Topics 559

Review Command Reference to Check Your Memory 559

Chapter 23 IP Version 6 563

Global Unicast Addressing, Routing, and Subnetting 564

    Global Route Aggregation for Efficient Routing 565

    Conventions for Representing IPv6 Addresses 567

    Conventions for Writing IPv6 Prefixes 568

    Global Unicast Prefix Assignment Example 570

    Subnetting Global Unicast IPv6 Addresses Inside an Enterprise 571

    Prefix Terminology 574

IPv6 Protocols and Addressing 575

    DHCP for IPv6 575

    IPv6 Host Address Assignment 576

        The IPv6 Interface ID and EUI-64 Format 576

        Static IPv6 Address Configuration 577

        Stateless Autoconfiguration and Router Advertisements 578

        IPv6 Address Configuration Summary 580

    Discovering the Default Router with NDP 580

    Learning the IP Address(es) of DNS Servers 580

    IPv6 Addresses 581

        Unicast IPv6 Addresses 581

        Multicast and Other Special IPv6 Addresses 583

    Summary of IP Protocols and Addressing 584

Configuring IPv6 Routing and Routing Protocols 585

    IPv6 Routing Protocols 585

    IPv6 Configuration 586

IPv6 Transition Options 589

    IPv4/IPv6 Dual Stacks 589

    Tunneling 590

    Translating Between IPv4 and IPv6 with NAT-PT 591

    Transition Summary 592

Chapter Review 593

Review Key Topics 593

Define Key Terms 593

Review Command Reference to Check Your Memory 594

Answer Review Questions 595

Unit 9: LANs

Chapter 24 Ethernet LAN Switch Concepts 599

LAN Switching Concepts 599

    Historical Progression: Hubs, Bridges, and Switches 599

    Switching Logic 602

        The Forward Versus Filter Decision 603

        How Switches Learn MAC Addresses 604

        Flooding Frames 605

        Avoiding Loops Using Spanning Tree Protocol 606

        Internal Processing on Cisco Switches 607

    LAN Switching Summary 609

LAN Design Considerations 610

    Collision Domains and Broadcast Domains 610

        Collision Domains 610

        Broadcast Domains 611

        The Impact of Collision and Broadcast Domains on LAN Design 612

    Virtual LANs (VLAN) 613

    Campus LAN Design Terminology 615

    Ethernet LAN Media and Cable Lengths 617

Chapter Review 619

Review Key Topics 619

Define Key Terms 619

Answer Review Questions 620

Chapter 25 Ethernet Switch Configuration 623

Comparing Cisco Router and Switch Configuration 623

LAN Switch Configuration and Operation 624

    Configuring the Switch IP Address 625

    Configuring Switch Interfaces 627

    Port Security 629

    VLAN Configuration 632

    Securing Unused Switch Interfaces 635

Chapter Review 636

Review Key Topics 636

Define Key Terms 636

Review Command Reference to Check Your Memory 637

Answer Review Questions 639

Chapter 26 Virtual LANs 643

Virtual LAN Concepts 643

    Trunking with ISL and 802.1Q 644

        ISL 646

        IEEE 802.1Q 646

        ISL and 802.1Q Compared 646

    IP Subnets and VLANs 648

    VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) 649

        Normal VTP Operation Using VTP Server and Client Modes 650

        Three Requirements for VTP to Work Between Two Switches 651

        Avoiding VTP by Using VTP Transparent Mode 652

        Storing VLAN Configuration 652

        VTP Versions 653

        VTP Pruning 654

        Summary of VTP Features 654

VLAN and VLAN Trunking Configuration and Verification 655

    Creating VLANs and Assigning Access VLANs to an Interface 655

        VLAN Configuration Example 1: Full VLAN Configuration 656

        VLAN Configuration Example 2: Shorter VLAN Configuration 659

    VLAN Trunking Configuration 660

        Controlling Which VLANs Can Be Supported on a Trunk 665

        Trunking to Cisco IP Phones 667

    Securing VLANs and Trunking 669

VTP Configuration and Verification 669

    Using VTP: Configuring Servers and Clients 669

    Caveats When Moving Away from Default VTP Configuration 673

    Avoiding VTP: Configuring Transparent Mode 674

    Troubleshooting VTP 675

        Determining Why VTP Is Not Currently Working 675

        Problems When Connecting New Switches and Bringing Up Trunks 680

        Avoiding VTP Problems Through Best Practices 682

Chapter Review 683

Review Key Topics 683

Define Key Terms 684

Review Command Reference to Check Your Memory 684

Answer Review Questions 685

Unit 10: WANs

Chapter 27 Point-to-Point WANs 689

PPP Concepts 689

    The PPP Protocol Field 689

    PPP Link Control Protocol (LCP) 690

        Looped Link Detection 691

        Enhanced Error Detection 691

        PPP Multilink 692

        PPP Authentication 693

PPP Configuration 694

    Basic PPP Configuration 694

    CHAP Configuration and Verification 695

        Configuring HDLC 696

Troubleshooting Serial Links 699

    Troubleshooting Layer 1 Problems 700

    Troubleshooting Layer 2 Problems 701

        Keepalive Failure 702

        PAP and CHAP Authentication Failure 703

    Troubleshooting Layer 3 Problems 704

Chapter Review 707

Review Key Topics 707

Define Key Terms 707

Command Reference to Check Your Memory 707

Answer Review Questions 708

Chapter 28 Frame Relay Concepts 713

Frame Relay Overview 713

    Frame Relay Standards 715

    Virtual Circuits 716

    LMI and Encapsulation Types 718

Frame Relay Addressing 720

    Frame Relay Local Addressing 721

    Frame Relay Global Addressing 721

Network Layer Concerns with Frame Relay 724

    Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: One Subnet Containing All Frame Relay DTEs 725

    Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: One Subnet Per VC 725

    Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: Hybrid Approach 727

    Layer 3 Broadcast Handling 728

Chapter Review 730

Review Key Topics 730

Define Key Terms 730

Answer Review Questions 731

Chapter 29 Frame Relay Configuration 735

Frame Relay Configuration and Verification 735

    Planning a Frame Relay Configuration 735

    A Fully Meshed Network with One IP Subnet 737

    Configuring the Encapsulation and LMI 738

    Frame Relay Address Mapping 740

        Inverse ARP 742

        Static Frame Relay Mapping 744

    A Partially Meshed Network with One IP Subnet Per VC 745

        Assigning a DLCI to a Particular Subinterface 747

        Comments About Global and Local Addressing 748

        Frame Relay Verification 748

    A Partially Meshed Network with Some Fully Meshed Parts 750

Frame Relay Troubleshooting 754

    A Suggested Frame Relay Troubleshooting Process 754

    Layer 1 Issues on the Access Link (Step 1) 756

    Layer 2 Issues on the Access Link (Step 2) 756

    PVC Problems and Status (Step 3) 758

        Find the Connected Subnet and Outgoing Interface (Steps 3a and 3b) 759

        Find the PVCs Assigned to That Interface (Step 3c) 760

        Determine Which PVC Is Used to Reach a Particular Neighbor (Step 3d) 761

        PVC Status 762

        Subinterface Status 763

    Frame Relay Mapping Issues (Step 4) 764

    End-to-End Encapsulation (Step 5) 765

    Mismatched Subnet Numbers (Step 6) 766

Chapter Review 767

Review Key Topics 767

Review Command Reference to Check Your Memory 767

Answer Review Questions 769

Appendixes

Appendix A: Numeric Reference Tables 773

Appendix B: IP Access Control Lists 781

Glossary 811

9781587143007   TOC   7/13/2011

Errata

Download the errata

Submit Errata