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CCIE Security v3.0 Quick Reference: Application Protocols

Sample Chapter is provided courtesy of Cisco Press.
Date: Apr 1, 2011.

Chapter Information

Chapter Description

This sample from CCIE Security v3.0 Quick Reference includes definitions and explanations of HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP, FTP, and DNS.

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CCIE Security v3.0 Quick Reference, 2nd Edition

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Domain Name System

Domain Name System (DNS) is a name resolution protocol that translates hostnames to IP addresses and vice versa. A DNS server is a host that runs the DNS service, and it is configured to do the translation for the user transparently by using TCP/UDP port 53. TCP port 53 is also used for DNS zone transfers. UDP 53 is used for DNS lookups and browsing.

DNS is a hierarchical database where the data is structured in a tree, with the root domain (.) at the top, and various subdomains branch out from the root, much like the directory structure of a UNIX or Windows file system. Cisco routers can be configured for DNS lookups so that users can simply type a hostname versus an IP address. Local names can also be statically configured for devices. A name server stores information about its domain in the form of several different kinds of resource records, each of which stores a different kind of information about the domain and the hosts in the domain. Resource records are traditionally text entries stored in different files on the domain name server. The Cisco DNM browser is a graphical utility that enables you to edit these records via a graphical interface, which reduces the chance of errors in text files. A router will not provide DNS server responses to client devices such as PCs or UNIX hosts. Table 3-2 describes the different record types.

Table 3-2. Different DNS Record Types

Record Type	Function
Start of Authority (SOA)	Required for every domain. Stores information about DNS itself for the domain
Name Server (NS)	Stores information used to identify the name servers in the domain that store information for that domain
Address (A)	Stores the hostname and IP address of individual hosts and is translates hostnames to IP addresses
Canonical Name (CNAME)	Stores additional hostnames, or aliases, for hosts in the domain
Mail Exchange (MX)	Stores information about where mail for the domain should be delivered
Pointer (PTR)	Stores the IP address and hostname of individual hosts and translates IP address to hostnames in a reverse DNS lookup
Host Information (HINFO)	Stores information about the hardware for specific hosts
Well Known Services (WKS)	Stores information about the various network services available from hosts in the domain
Text Information (TXT)	Stores up to 256 characters of text per line
Responsible Person (RP)	Stores information about the person responsible for the domain

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