CLI and ASDM Connection
You can configure a Cisco ASA in two ways: through the CLI or through the ASDM.
Both the CLI and ASDM offer benefits for configuration, and people disagree as to the best method. The CLI versus GUI configuration argument has been around since the days of UNIX versus Windows. The CLI is fast, after you have mastered it, but the GUI is intuitive and easier to configure, especially with the wizard quick-configuration options now available.
ASDM is the preferred configuration method for the ASA. Various configuration wizards exist within ASDM that are not available via the CLI alone. The logging and monitoring functionality that the ASDM provides cannot be replicated within the CLI.
Command Line Interface (CLI)
The CLI is the historic way in which all Cisco devices were configured. This is a command-based interface similar to a UNIX- or DOS-based operating system.
Commands are typed through a terminal connection to the ASA, and these are then written to the configuration. The CLI is powerful and fast, but learning how to use the CLI is like learning another language.
You can either connect to the CLI through the console port using a console cable or by using Telnet or Secure Shell (SSH). A Cisco console cable is provided with every ASA because this is the normal initial method to connect to the device for the initial configuration.
Using a console cable is an out-of-band connection, and using Telnet or SSH is an in-band connection.
When you first purchase an ASA, you need to configure the ASA through the CLI to configure the initial network settings that enable you to connect to the device using ASDM, which is provided through a web interface, so basic IP settings need to be initially configured.
When you initially connect to an ASA, you are greeted with the following prompt:
ciscoasa>
This is an unprivileged mode and is represented by the > after the hostname.
Entering enable at this prompt places you into privileged EXEC mode, and you see the following prompt:
ciscoasa#
From privileged EXEC mode, you can then enter the configuration mode to enter configuration commands into the ASA. The show and debug commands to monitor and troubleshoot the ASA are also entered in privileged EXEC mode. This is similar to the EXEC modes found within IOS on a Cisco router or switch.
ASDM
ASDM is an acronym for the ASA Security Device Manager (ASDM), which it is the main graphical way to configure, manage, and monitor your ASA Firewall.
You access the ASDM through a web browser. ASDM is a Java-based application, so any modern browser that supports Java will suffice (for instance, Safari, Firefox, Chrome, or Internet Explorer). The connection to ASDM is over SSL, so the configuration is always encrypted between the client and the ASA through the web browser.
Because you have to connect to ASDM through a browser interface, you must configure an IP address on the inside interface to enable you to connect your browser to it. The next section covers interface configuration in more depth.
In addition to setting the IP address, you must enter some other basic configuration commands via the CLI to the ASA to configure the initial connection to the ASDM.
You now run through the necessary commands on an ASA that has a default blank configuration. The commands shown are the bare minimum to enable a connection to the ASDM and are as far as you need to take the CLI in most cases. Because this is an ASA with a blank configuration, the only way to connect is via the CLI using a serial connection.
The first step is to assign an IP address to the inside interface of the ASA. The inside interface is the interface on the inside or trusted part of your network. The outside interface is the interface on the outside or untrusted part of your network.
To enter these configuration commands, you need to be in configuration mode on the ASA. From this point forward, you should be in configuration mode; the prompt shows which configuration mode is required:
ciscoasa# configuration terminal
ciscoasa(config)# interface vlan 1
ciscoasa(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.254 255.255.255.0
Because this VLAN is going to be the inside network, you now need to name the VLAN interface as the inside interface:
Ciscoasa(config-if)# nameif inside
INFO: Security level for "inside" set to 100 by default.
When the nameif command is entered, because the value is inside, the default security level of 100 is attributed to the VLAN interface. In contrast to this, the default security level of 0 would be applied to the interface if you name the interface outside.
VLAN1 is now configured as the inside interface with the IP address of 192.168.1.254/24. By default, all ports are in VLAN1, so you now need to tell the ASA 5505 which physical Ethernet port is the inside connection. In this example, you use Ethernet0/1 as the inside interface, so enter the following commands to bring up Ethernet0/1 because by default all ports are in an administrative shutdown mode:
ciscoasa(config)# interface ethernet0/1
ciscoasa(config-if)# no shutdown
Running a show interface for Ethernet0/1 now displays the following:
ciscoasa# show interface ethernet0/1
Interface Ethernet0/1 "", is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is 88E6095, BW 100 Mbps, DLY 100 usec
Auto-Duplex(Full-duplex), Auto-Speed(100 Mbps)
Available but not configured via nameif
MAC address 001b.53a0.4e91, MTU not set
IP address unassigned
16423 packets input, 1256399 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 896 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants
0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 0 abort
0 L2 decode drops
0 switch ingress policy drops
6518 packets output, 5096677 bytes, 0 underruns
0 output errors, 0 collisions, 0 interface resets
0 babbles, 0 late collisions, 0 deferred
0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier
0 rate limit drops
0 switch egress policy drops
You can see that the interface is up. You can now ping the inside interface of the ASA 5505 from a workstation connected to the 192.168.1.0/24 network and ping workstations on the 192.168.1.0/24 network from the ASA 5505.
The next step is to configure a secure password on the ASA. You can provide access to the web-based administration interface of the ASA, so ensure that it is protected and locked down with authentication.
By default there is no password set on the ASA, and anybody can connect to it via the console connection if they have physical access to the device.
Set an enable password on the ASA:
ciscoasa(config)# enable password securepassword
The preceding line creates the enable password securepassword. Obviously, you would replace this with a secure, strong password in line with your corporate password policy.
At this point, the interface is up and has a valid IP address configured. However, you must complete a couple more steps to facilitate a connection to the ASDM. Running a browser to https://192.168.1.254 at this point returns with a Page Not Found error message.
The ASA has a built-in web server. This is what serves the ASDM to users requesting it through their browsers. By default, this web server is not enabled.
The internal web server in the ASA is enabled with the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# http server enable
This enables the HTTP server on the ASA, but if you tried a connection to the ASDM, you still could not connect. This failure to connect results because the ASA operates in a closed policy, unlike the HTTPS server on a router.
On the ASA, all connections to the HTTP server are denied by default, and you must enter a configuration command to specify the IP addresses that are allowed to access the ASDM. On a router, by default all IP addresses can connect to the HTTP server, and you must create an access list to restrict this access.
In this example, you want to allow the entire inside network access to the ASDM:
ciscoasa(config)# http 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 inside
The preceding command enables all hosts on the 192.168.1.0/24 network, which is located on the inside interface, access to the ASDM. In the real world it is recommended that administrative access is locked down to specific management hosts, by using explicit host IP address entries.